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| # Using the '''Marcos dictatorship''' and the persistence of '''local elitism''' as case studies, discuss the relationship between the concentration of power and the abuse of human rights and public trust. | | # Using the '''Marcos dictatorship''' and the persistence of '''local elitism''' as case studies, discuss the relationship between the concentration of power and the abuse of human rights and public trust. |
| # The '''guerrilla movements''' during the Japanese occupation demonstrated the power of unity among different sectors of society. Explain how this principle of broad-based coalition building could be applied today to address complex national issues such as corruption, social inequality, and the erosion of democratic institutions. | | # The '''guerrilla movements''' during the Japanese occupation demonstrated the power of unity among different sectors of society. Explain how this principle of broad-based coalition building could be applied today to address complex national issues such as corruption, social inequality, and the erosion of democratic institutions. |
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| == Answer to Essay Questions ==
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| # Analyze and compare at least three different forms of '''pakikibaka''' (struggle) discussed in the source material, such as armed, intellectual/cultural, and diplomatic. Use specific historical examples for each to illustrate their methods, goals, and relative effectiveness.
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| # Trace the historical development of '''local elitism''' and '''political dynasties''' from the Spanish colonial period to the present. Discuss how these phenomena concentrate power and what challenges they pose to achieving genuine democracy in the Philippines.
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| # Examine the evolving role of '''women in Philippine history''' by comparing the contributions of '''Gabriela Silang''', the '''Huk Amazons''', and the leaders of the '''Suffragist Movement''' like '''Pura Villanueva Kalaw'''. How did their actions contribute to broader movements for freedom and equality?
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| # Both local elitism and dictatorship are systems characterized by the excessive concentration of power in a few individuals or families, which is the cause of abuse.<br>
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| a. Dictatorship (Abuse of Human Rights): The critical characteristic of dictatorship is authoritarianism and the lack of freedom of citizens. The concentration of power under Proclamation 1081 led to the suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus, which enabled the arrest and disappearance of government critics.<br>
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| b. Local Elitism (Abuse of Public Trust): Local elitism concentrates power by making it hereditary and results in corruption and unequal opportunities, representing a profound abuse of public trust that hinders genuine democracy.<br>
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| # The Kilusang Gerilya during the Japanese occupation showed the unity of various sectors, including students, women, and indigenous people.<br>To apply this principle of broad-based coalition building today to address issues like local elitism and political dynasties, citizens must engage in collective action. This can be achieved through the formation of citizen coalitions to challenge the domination of the elite. Furthermore, it requires organizing and promoting equal participation in politics, while remaining vigilant against elitist policies. Ultimately, maintaining freedom and democracy relies on the active participation and critical watching/monitoring of leaders by the citizens
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