PKLP Second Quarter Study Guide

Study Guide for PKLP

This study guide provides a review of key concepts, historical events, and significant figures in Philippine history, based on an analysis of historical struggles and societal structures. It is designed to test and deepen understanding through a quiz, essay prompts, and a comprehensive glossary.

Quiz: Key Concepts and Events

Instructions: Try to answer the following questions drawing upon your knowledge of the topics covered.

1. Define the concept of pakikibaka and provide two distinct historical examples of its different forms.
2. What was the polo y servicio system during the Spanish colonial period, and what was its primary effect on Filipino families?
3. Explain the main goal of the Agrarian Movement (Kilusang Agraryo) of the 18th and 19th centuries and its impact on Filipino consciousness.
4. How did the role of the Huk Amazons during the Japanese occupation challenge the traditional wartime roles of women?
5. What was President Ferdinand Marcos's officially stated reason for declaring Martial Law via Proclamation 1081, and what was one of its immediate effects on the legislative branch of government?
6. Describe the political system of a political dynasty and explain its negative impact on the principles of democracy as outlined in the source material.
7. Compare the primary objectives of the Propaganda Movement with the movement that opposed the Marcos dictatorship. What essential goal did they share?
8. Who were Diego and Gabriela Silang, and what was the objective of their uprising in Ilocos in 1762?
9. What is local elitism, and what are its historical roots in the Philippines according to the provided context?
10. How did the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 demonstrate the relationship between citizens and the government?

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Answer Key

1. Pakikibaka refers to a collective action to fight for one's rights. One example is the armed struggle (armadong pakikibaka) of the Katipuneros against the Spanish. Another form is the cultural and intellectual struggle (kultural at intelektuwal na pakikibaka) of the Ilustrados, who used writing and the arts to awaken nationalist sentiment.
2. The polo y servicio was a system of forced labor imposed by the Spanish that exploited the natural resources and labor of Filipinos. This system worsened poverty and caused the separation of men from their families, who were forced to work on colonial projects.
3. The main goal of the Agrarian Movement was to protest the control of land by friars and haciendas. It was significant because it demonstrated widespread mass resistance to oppression and deepened the collective sense of injustice among Filipinos.
4. The Huk Amazons challenged traditional gender roles by participating directly in combat as warriors and leaders. This was a departure from the common perception of women's wartime roles being limited to providing medical or financial support.
5. President Marcos’s officially stated purpose for Proclamation 1081 was to save the republic from a Communist rebellion and to reform society. One of its immediate effects was the closure of Congress, which allowed Marcos to solely assume the power of creating laws.
6. A political dynasty is a system where political power circulates among members of the same family or clan. This negatively impacts democracy by centralizing power, which limits the emergence of new leaders and ideas from outside the established families.
7. The Propaganda Movement sought reforms from Spain, while the movement against the dictatorship aimed to restore democracy. The essential similarity in their goals was the desire to achieve greater freedom, justice, and human rights for the Filipino people.
8. Diego and Gabriela Silang were a husband-and-wife tandem who led an uprising in Ilocos against the Spanish in 1762. They fought with the goal of achieving freedom for the Ilocano people from colonial rule.
9. Local elitism refers to a system where political power and privilege are concentrated within a small, influential group. Its historical roots are traced back to the privileges granted to the principalia class during the Spanish era, a power structure that was maintained through the American period and into the Republic.
10. The 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution demonstrated the power of a unified citizenry to effect political change. It showcased the collective ability of the people to oust an oppressive regime and restore democratic institutions, highlighting that ultimate authority can reside with the populace.

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Essay Questions

Instructions: Formulate comprehensive answers to the following questions. These prompts are designed to encourage critical thinking and the synthesis of multiple historical concepts.

1. Analyze and compare at least three different forms of pakikibaka (struggle) discussed in class, such as armed, intellectual/cultural, and diplomatic. Use specific historical examples for each to illustrate their methods, goals, and relative effectiveness.
2. Trace the historical development of local elitism and political dynasties from the Spanish colonial period to the present. Discuss how these phenomena concentrate power and what challenges they pose to achieving genuine democracy in the Philippines.
3. Examine the evolving role of women in Philippine history by comparing the contributions of Gabriela Silang, the Huk Amazons, and the leaders of the Suffragist Movement like Pura Villanueva Kalaw. How did their actions contribute to broader movements for freedom and equality?
4. Using the Marcos dictatorship and the persistence of local elitism as case studies, discuss the relationship between the concentration of power and the abuse of human rights and public trust.
5. The guerrilla movements during the Japanese occupation demonstrated the power of unity among different sectors of society. Explain how this principle of broad-based coalition building could be applied today to address complex national issues such as corruption, social inequality, and the erosion of democratic institutions.

Answer Key for Essay Questions Here: ANSWERS

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Glossary of Key Terms

Term	Definition
Agrarian Movement (Kilusang Agraryo)	A widespread protest movement during the 18th and 19th centuries that showed mass opposition to the control of land by friars and haciendas.
Armed Struggle (Armadong Pakikibaka)	A form of struggle characterized by the use of weapons and military force, exemplified by the Katipuneros' fight against the Spanish.
Cofradía de San José	A religious movement founded by Hermano Pule in Tayabas (now Quezon) province as a form of resistance against Spanish oppression and discrimination.
Cultural and Intellectual Struggle	A form of struggle that uses writing, art, and scholarship to awaken nationalist sentiment and challenge colonial perspectives. It was notably used by the Ilustrados.
Decolonization	In the context provided, the decolonization of the mind involves resisting colonial viewpoints by promoting and using one's own language (Filipino and other native languages) and culture in media and the creative arts to express a unique national identity.
Dictatorship (Diktadura)	A form of government where one person or a small group holds absolute power. It is characterized by authoritarianism and the absence of citizens' freedoms, which is contrary to the principles of democracy.
Divide and Rule (Divide et Impera)	A strategy used by the Spanish colonizers wherein they fostered conflict among different native groups to prevent them from uniting against Spanish rule.
EDSA People Power Revolution	A massive, non-violent movement in 1986 that led to the ousting of President Ferdinand Marcos and the restoration of democratic political institutions in the Philippines.
Guerrilla Movement (Kilusang Gerilya)	A form of resistance characterized by small, mobile groups of fighters engaging in irregular warfare, as seen in the Filipino response to the Japanese occupation.
Huk Amazons	Female members of the Hukbalahap guerrilla movement who broke traditional gender roles by participating directly in the war as fighters and leaders.
Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)	The most prominent guerrilla movement of Filipinos that fought against the Japanese invaders during World War II.
Insulares	A social classification during the Spanish era for Spaniards who were born in the Philippines.
Juramentado	A term used by the Spanish to describe the ritual suicide attacks (sabil allah) employed by Moro warriors as a form of resistance.
La Solidaridad	The newspaper published by the propagandists in Spain, which served as a symbol of the intellectual struggle of Filipinos against Spanish colonialism.
Local Elitism	A societal structure where power and influence are concentrated within a small circle of elite individuals or families, often rooted in historical privilege and perpetuated by a culture of patronage (utang na loob). This system leads to corruption and unequal opportunities.
National Identity (Pambansang Identidad)	The collective identity of Filipinos that shapes their understanding of themselves as a free and sovereign nation.
Pakikibaka	The Filipino term for struggle, referring to a collective action undertaken to fight for and defend rights.
Peaceful Struggle and Diplomacy	A form of struggle that prioritizes diplomacy and legal means over violence, as exemplified by Manuel Quezon’s efforts that led to the passage of the Jones Law and the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
Peninsulares	A social classification during the Spanish era for Spaniards who were born in Spain.
Political Dynasty	A political system where members of the same family hold political positions simultaneously or in succession, which concentrates power and limits the entry of new leaders and ideas. Article II, Section 26 of the 1987 Constitution prohibits political dynasties.
Polo y Servicio	The system of forced labor under Spanish rule, which required Filipino men to work on government projects, leading to economic hardship and separation from their families.
Principalia	The ruling elite class in Filipino towns during the Spanish colonial period, from which the modern concept of local elitism originates.
Proclamation 1081	The proclamation signed by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 that placed the Philippines under Martial Law.
Propaganda Movement (Kilusang Propaganda)	An intellectual and reformist movement that sought reforms from the Spanish colonial government.
Suffragist Movement (Kilusang Sufragista)	A movement led by Filipina women, including Pura Villanueva Kalaw, that successfully campaigned for women's right to vote, officially achieved through a plebiscite in 1937.
Writ of Habeas Corpus	A legal recourse that protects citizens from unlawful arrest and detention. Its suspension under Proclamation 1081 allowed the government to arrest and detain individuals suspected of being state enemies without due process.